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Peshmerga (Kurdish: ', ; are the military forces of the autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan. Peshmerga means "one who confronts death" or "one who faces death". "Pesh" means to stand in front of (loosely translated as to confront or face) while "merga" means death.〔(Are Kurdish Soldiers "Facing Death" or "Seeking Death"? )〕〔From the Kurdish ' () "before" and ' "death".〕 The overall formal head of the ''peshmerga'' is the President of Iraqi Kurdistan. The ''peshmerga'' force itself is largely divided and controlled separately by the Democratic Party of Kurdistan and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, although both pledge allegiance to the Kurdistan Regional Government. Efforts are under way to gather the entire force under the Ministry of Peshmerga Affairs. ''Peshmerga'' forces are responsible for defending the land, people and institutions of the Kurdistan Region. Because the Iraqi Army is forbidden by law from entering Iraqi Kurdistan, the ''peshmerga'', along with other Kurdish security subsidiaries, are responsible for the security of the Kurdish Region. These subsidiaries include Asayish (official intelligence agency), ''Parastin u Zanyarî'' (assisting intelligence agency) and the Zeravani (military police). In 2003 during the Iraq War, ''peshmerga'' are said to have played a key role in the mission to capture Saddam Hussein. In 2004, Kurdish anti-terror forces captured al Qaeda key figure Hassan Ghul, who revealed the identity of Osama Bin Laden's messenger, which eventually led to Operation Neptune Spear and the death of Osama Bin Laden. Following an unexpected large-scale ISIS offensive against Iraqi Kurdistan in August 2014, ''peshmerga'' and other Kurdish forces from neighboring countries have been waging an all-out war against ISIS in both Iraq and Syria. == History == (詳細はOttoman Empire and the British Empire. However, the term ''"peshmerga"'' was only coined in the mid-20th century, by the Kurdish writer Ibrahim Ahmad. Historically the ''peshmerga'' existed only as guerilla organizations, but under the self-declared Republic of Mahabad (1946–1947), the ''peshmerga'' led by Mustafa Barzani became the official army of the republic.〔 After the fall of the republic and the execution of head of state Qazi Muhammad, ''peshmerga'' forces reemerged as guerilla organizations that would go on to fight the Iranian and Iraqi governments for the remainder of the century. In Iraq, most of these ''peshmerga'' were led by Mustafa Barzani of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. In 1975 the ''peshmerga'' were defeated in the Second Iraqi-Kurdish War. Jalal Talabani, a leading member of the KDP, left the same year to revitalize the resistance and founded the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. This event created the baseline for the political discontent between the KDP and PUK that to this day divides ''peshmerga'' forces and much of Kurdish society in Iraqi Kurdistan. After Mustafa Barzani's death in 1979, his son Masoud Barzani took his position.〔 As tension increased between KDP and PUK, most ''peshmerg''a fought to keep a region under their own party's control, while also fighting off Iraqi Army incursions. Following the First Persian Gulf War, Iraqi Kurdistan fell into a state of civil war between the two major Kurdish parties, the KDP and the PUK, and ''peshmerga'' forces were used to fight each other. The civil war officially ended in September 1998, when Barzani and Talabani signed the Washington Agreement establishing a formal peace treaty. In the agreement, the parties agreed to share revenue, share power, deny the use of northern Iraq to the Turkish Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), and not allow Iraqi troops into the Kurdish regions. By then, around 5,000 Kurds had been killed from both sides, and many more were evicted for being on the wrong side. In the years after, tension remained high, but both parties moved towards each other and in 2003 they both took part in the overthrowing of the Saddam regime as part of the Iraq War. They remained on good terms, forming what is now Iraqi Kurdistan. Unlike other millitia forces, the ''peshmerga'' were never prohibited by Iraqi law.〔(Profile: Who are the Peshmerga? ) BBC News. Retrieved 19 December 2014.〕 In 2015, for the first time, ''peshmerga'' soldiers received urban warfare and military intelligence training from foreign trainers, the Combined Joint Task Force - Operation Inherent Resolve. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Peshmerga」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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